ПЕ-19 1/11

Остання пара.  
Понеділок- 15.06.2020
Урок 15
Контроль знань. Письмо.
TEST. 

1.I don’t remember ... that I’m sure you’re mistaken.
a) to say
б) say
в) saying 
г) to have said

2.There were two answers, and ... was right.
a) neither
б) no one
в) no
г) not any

3.This dress is ... as the one I had before.
a) plenty the same
б) very similar
в) very same
г) much the same

4.He ... here from 1955 to 1960.
a) worked
б) works
в) has been working
г) has worked

5.He’s... his sister.
a) much taller that
б) much more taller than
в) much taller than
г) more taller than

6.Be careful you don’t... your keys!
а) lost
б) loosen
в) lose
г) loose

7.What they say may be true; you never can...
a) say 
б) tell
в) remember
г) recognize

8.He didn’t move, but just... where he fell.
a) lain
б) lay
в) laid
г) lied

9.I haven’t had a reply to the invitation I sent you last week. ... to my patty?
a) Shall you come
б) Are you coming
в) Do you come
г) Should you come

10.That man reminds me ... my history teacher.
а) from
б) of
в) about
г) on

11.The children hadn’t met ... their grandparents or their uncle before.
a) or 
б) neither
в) nor
г) either

12.Before she started university, Jane ... in the States for six months working as a nanny.
a) lives
б) has been living
в) has lived
г) had lived


 Понеділок- 01.06.2020
Урок 14

Контроль знань.
Аудіювання.

Read the text and make the correct variant
 The word ‘diet’ originally meant ‘things that people usually eat’, but, these days, we use the word to mean an eating pattern or pro­gramme designed to change something.
We could be talking about any one of many different kinds. There are diets for avoiding certain chemicals, like salt, and there are diets to increase amounts of certain things, like potassium. There are even diets to help people put on weight .
However, despite all these, we usually say ‘diet’ about losing weight. This is certainly the area where the money gets spent. And it has a long history .
But when did it all start? There’s a story that in 1087, William the Conqueror, King of England, had become so fat that he could no longer ride his horse. He stayed in bed and drank alcohol instead of eating food to try and lose weight.
Now, it may or may not have worked for him, but we can’t really reeommend it as an approach for most people. What’s important is the kinds of food you eat, because different foods contain different things our bodies need.
But it has taken a long time to find out exactly what these are. Sea travel led to some increase in understanding. When it became possible to build ships that could go on long voyages, sailors started to spend many months at sea. They also started getting a strange disease called ‘scurvy’. Eventually, it became clear that they needed fruit or vegetables to survive. Today, we know that Vitamin C is the reason.
Although the discovery helped their lives, there was much more that wasn’t known. Nobody knew, for example, why some people got fat and others didn’t, or what to do about it.
Then, in the 1890s, a chemist called Wilbur Atwater began inves­tigating how foods consisted of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.He found that he could measure the heat value of these by burning them and called a unit of this heating a ‘calorie’.
This measurement he created can be seen as the start of modern food science and dieting. Since then, knowledge has come quickly — some people say too quickly!

1.The word diet means things that people usually eat.
а) True
б) False

2.William The Conqueror found a diet which helped people to loose weight.
а) False
б) True

3.Many centuries ago sailors used to suffer from the unknown disease caused by the lack of vitamin C.
а) False
б) True

4.Wilbur Atwater introduced a new measurement for the heat value of food.
а) True
б) False

5.There are three main diets in the world.
а) True
б) False

6.Diets help people loose weight.
а) True
б) False

7.Each diet
а) has a certain purpose
б) helps loose weight
в) makes you strong

8.William the Conqueror used a diet
а) to be fit
б) to be healthy
в) to loose weight

9.What did he do?
а) He drank a lot of pure water. 
б) He drank wine instead of water.
в) he drank alcohol instead of eating food.

10.People began to understand better what our bodies need thanks to
а) William the Conqueror
б) long sea voyages
в) alcohol

11.Wilbur Atwater lived
а) in the 19th century
б) at the beginning of the 18th century
в) in the sixties of the 20th century

12.Food consists of
а) fats, minerals,vitamins.
б) fats, proteins, carbohydrates.
в) fats, proteins, vitamins.


 Понеділок- 25.05.2020
Урок 13
Контроль знань.
Читання
1.Read and translate the text. (усно) Прочитайте текст.

Why Learn English?
Language is our primary source of communication. It's the method through which we share our ideas and thoughts with others. Some people even say that language is what separates us from animals and makes us human.
English was originally the language of England, but through the historical efforts of the British Empire it has become the primary or secondary language of many former British colonies such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and India. Currently, English is the primary language of business and cultural spheres. It is the language of Hollywood and the language of international banking and business. As such, it is a useful and even necessary language to know.
There are several factors that make the English language essential to communication in our current time. First of all, it is the most common foreign language. This means that two people who come from different countries (for example, a Mexican and a Swede) usually use English as a common language to communicate. That’s why everyone needs to learn the language in order to get in touch on an international level. Speaking it will help you communicate with people from countries all over the world, not just English-speaking ones.
English is also essential to the field of education. In many countries, children are taught and encouraged to learn English as a second language. Even in countries where it is not an official language, such as the Netherlands or Sweden, we will find many papers in science and engineering are written in English. Because it is the dominant language in the sciences, most of the research and studies you find in any given scientific field will be written in it as well. At the university level, students in many countries study almost all their subjects in English in order to make the material more accessible to international students.
On the Internet, the majority of websites are written and created in English. Even sites in other languages often give you the option to translate the site. It's the primary language of the press: more newspapers and books are written in English than in any other language, and no matter where in the world you are, you will find some of these books and newspapers available. In fact, because it is so dominant in international communication, you will find more information regarding nearly every subject if you can speak this language.
With good understanding and communication in English, you can travel around the globe. Because it is the international language for foreigners, it's easy to get assistance and help in every part of world. You can test it by online travel. Any travel booking site you can find will have English as a booking option.
English skills will also help you in any business venture you choose to follow. If you visit some offices, companies, governmental organizations, or even math or engineering companies, you will see the importance of English. Any big company will hire their professional staff after getting to know whether the people they are hiring are good at English or not. Companies who want to function at an international level only consider their staff well educated if they are good English speakers, writers, and readers.
Everyone knows that Hollywood is in the United States, and that the biggest television and music industries in the world are based there., TV and movies are a great way to practice your English . Knowing English opens up thousands of movies, television shows, and games for your enjoyment. If you want to one day work in the entertainment industry, English is even more essential.
2. Test. (оберіть правильну, на Ваш погляд, відповідь)
1. Language is....
а) source of communication
б) method through which we share our ideas and thoughts
в) way of speaking
г)Things that differ us from animals

2. English is....
а) a languge of business and f banking
б) a languge of the former British colonies
в) a language of film industry
г) a languge of painters

3. When people from different countries meet, they usually speak..
а) French
б) German
в) Spanish
г) English

4. English is important in education because...
а) scientific literature is written in English
б) all students study in English
в) Students in many countries study in English
г) it's a dominant language in science

5.The majority of the websites in the internet are...
а) created in the mother tongue
б) created in german
в) written , created and updated in English
г) written in French

6. Knowing English you can.....
а) get help in every part of the world
б) easily loose your way in the foreign country
в) Travel all over the world without problem
г) do research in math

7.English skills will help you......
а)  in business venture
б) to create a big company
в) to get a good job
г) to be a good English speaker

8.Companies that function at the international level hire...
а) common people
б) well educated people
в) good specialists
г) qualified specialists with a good knowledge of English

9. Holliwood is the center of .....
а) entertainment
б) the world art
в) movie industry
г) the music and TY industry

10. Knowing English opens you thousands of....
а) movies and television programms
б) the shopping malls
в) the masterpieces of arts
г) doors and roads

11.English is the mother tongue of ....
а) Great Britain
б) The USA and some other African countries
в) Great Britain, The USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
г) The Netherland and Sweeden

12.Knowing English is absolutely necessary
а) for every person in the world
б) for all students
в) for every good specialist who wants to work internationally
г) for all teachers




Урок № 12

18.05.2020


CORROSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS.

Завдання 1: Прочитайте і переведіть дані нижче слова і словосполучення на українську мову:

Combustion, pass, in respect, are affected, obtain, equal, essence, incandescent, conform, subject ,distinguish, surrounding media,  are attacked, lacquer, uniform, destruction, destroy, action.

Завдання 2: Підберіть відповідні українські  еквіваленти англійських слів із завдання 1:

щодо, покривати лаком, згоряння, отримувати, сутність, розпечений, відповідати, пошкоджуватися, руйнуватися, рівний, розрізняти, рівномірний, руйнувати, проходити, навколишнє середовище, дія, піддавати, вихідний.
Завдання 3 Переведіть на українську мову такі словосполучення:
-         subject to the action of atmospheric air
-         beginning from the surface
-         lose their initial appearance
-         exposed to an external aggressive (active) medium
-         equal intensiveness
-         only separate structural components
-         the laws of chemical kinetics
-         the oxidation and erosion of the valves of internal combustion engines the oxidation and erosion of the valves of internal combustion engines
-         incandescent products of combustion
-         the essence of electrochemical corrosion
-         forming oxide films on the surface
-         applying protective metallic coatings on the parts
Завдання 4 Переведіть на українську  мову наступний текст:
 CORROSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS
Almost all metals and alloys subject to the action of atmospheric air or other surrounding media (for example, sea water, soil, acid and alkali solutions, organic liquids, etc.) are gradually destroyed, beginning from the surface, and lose their initial appearance. This progressive destruction of a metallic surface exposed to an external aggressive (active) medium is called corrosion.
Experience shows that corrosive destruction depends mainly upon the following three factors: (1) the chemical nature of the metal or composition of the alloy and their structures;(2) the chemical nature of the surrounding medium and the percentage of aggressive matter in metals (oxygen, moisture, acids, alkalis, etc.),(3) the temperature of the surrounding medium.
As to its character, metal corrosion may be classified as: (1) uniform corrosion, in which the whole surface of the metal or alloy is corroded with equal intensiveness; (2) localized corrosion, in which only certain areas of the surface are attacked; (3) selective corrosion, where only separate structural components of an alloy are affected and (4) intercrystalline corrosion, which involves destruction of the metal or alloy along its grain boundaries.According to the mechanism of the corrosion process, it is necessary to distinguish between chemical and electrochemical corrosion.
Chemical corrosion conforms to the laws of chemical kinetics. A typical example of chemical corrosion is the oxidation and erosion of the valves of internal combustion engines by the incandescent products of combustion. A film of corrosion products, usually oxides, is formed on the surface of metal in the course of chemical destruction. In some cases this film may protect the underlying metal against further corrosion, i. e. make it more passive in respect to the surrounding medium.
Electrochemical corrosion occurs in the presence of liquids which are electrolytes containing free ions. The essence of electrochemical corrosion is that the atoms, on the surface of the metal in contact with the electrolytic solution, pass into the solution as ions and leave an equivalent quantity of electrons in the metal.
The principal corrosion protection methods applied in practice are: (1) alloying metals to obtain chemically inactive alloys of special composition; (2) forming oxide films on the surface of metal parts; (3) applying protective metallic coatings on the parts; (4) protecting the surf ace of metal with a coat of paint or lacquer.
Завдання 5 Дайте відповідь на питання до тексту і складіть короткий переказ тексту:
1. What process is called corrosion?
2. What factors, does corrosive destruction depend upon?
3. How may metal corrosion be classified?
4. What is a typical example of chemical corrosion?
5. What is the essence of electrochemical corrosion?
6. What are the principal corrosion protection methods?
Завдання 6 Заповніть пропуски в пропозиціях відповідно до змісту тексту:
1. The progressive destruction of a metallic surface is called ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_________________.
2. The metals subject to the action ______________ .
3. Chemical corrosion conforms to ____________________ .
4.  A film of corrosion products is formed on _________________ .
5. The film may protect the underlying metal against ______________ .
6. Electrochemical corrosion occurs in the presence of l iquids ________________
Завдання 7 Переведіть речення з української мови на англійську:
1. Метали руйнуються під дією повітря, води, кислоти і втрачають свій початковий зовнішній вигляд.
2. Температура навколишнього середовища - один із факторів корозійного руйнування металів.
3. Необхідно розрізняти хімічну і електрохімічну корозію.
4. Електрохімічна корозія відбувається в рідинах, які містять вільні іони.
5. Щоб захистити метали від корозії, металеві частини покривають фарбою або лаком.
6. Корозійне руйнування металів залежить від хімічної природи металів.

Урок № 11

04.05.2020

Тема: Залізо.
1.Read and translate the text. (усно)
IRON
Pure iron is soft, malleable, and ductile. Iron is easily magnetized at ordinary temperatures; it is difficult to magnetize when heated, and at about 790° C (about 1450° F) the magnetic property disappears. Pure iron melts at about 1535° C (about 2795° F), boils at 2750° C (4982° F), and has a specific gravity of 7.86. The atomic weight of iron is 55.847.
Chemically, iron is an active metal. It combines with the halogens, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, and silicon.  
When exposed to moist air, iron becomes corroded, forming a reddish-brown, ferric oxide commonly known as rust. The formation of rust is an electrochemical phenomenon in which the impurities present in iron form an electrical “couple” with the iron metal. A small current is set up, water from the atmosphere providing an electrolytic solution. Water and soluble electrolytes such as salt accelerate the reaction. In this process the iron metal is decomposed and reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust.  Pure iron, prepared by the electrolysis of ferrous sulfate solution, has limited use. Commercial iron invariably contains small amounts of carbon and other impurities that alter its physical properties, which are considerably improved by the further addition of carbon and other alloying elements.
By far the greatest amount of iron is used in processed forms, such as wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Commercially pure iron is used for the production of galvanized sheet metal and of electromagnets. Iron compounds are employed for medicinal purposes in the treatment of anemia, when the amount of hemoglobin or the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood is lowered. Iron is also used in tonics.
2.Test (письмово)
1.Choose the correct item: We __________ a book of fairytales next time.

а)don't read
б)shan't read
в)didn't read

2.Choose the correct item:Helen _________ the date on the board now.\

а)is writing 
б)wrote
в)will write

3.My room has been in a mess for days. So tomorrow afternoon I .....clean it.

а)am going to clean
б)am cleaning
в)will have cleaned
г)will clean

4."I'm having trouble with this exercise". "Don't worry. I .... you".

а)'ll help
б)have helped
в)am going to help
г)won't help

5.Я пойду в современную библиотеку завтра.

а)I will go to the modern library tomorrow
б)I shan’t go to the modern library tomorrow.
в)I won’t go to the modern library tomorrow

6.Поставити речення в Future Simple. I/not/tell/anyone/your/secret.

а)I will tell anyone your secret.
б)I won't tell anyone your secret.
в)Will I tell anyone your secret.
г)I not tell anyone your secret.

7.Через несколько дней мы полетим в Новую Зеландию.

а)We'll fly to New Zealand in a few days.
б)We won’t fly to New Zealand in a few days.
в)We want fly to New Zealand in a few days.

8.Что ты наденешь на карнавал?

а)What shall you wear for the carnival?
б)What won’t you wear for the carnival?
в)What will you wear for the carnival?

9.Поставити речення в Future Simple I/do/this/tomorrow.

а)I do this tomorrow 
б)I will do this tomorrow
в)I am do this tomorrow 
г)I doing this tomorrow

10. I shall ... to the river

а)Goes 
б)Went
в)Go

11. I … it before dinner.

а)‘ll not do
б)not shall do
в)not do

12.Everybody thinks they … married.

а)won’t get
б)not will get
в)shall not get


Урок №9 і №10 - 02.05.2020

Тема: ФІЗИЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ МЕТАЛІВ І СТАЛІ.
1.Read and translate the text. (усно)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS
The word constitution used with reference to metallic sub­stances does not have the same meaning as composition. Con­stitution denotes the manner of arrangement of the metal atoms as to geometric form in solid crystals, and the regular or or­dered arrangement of different kinds of metal atoms and their relation to each other in such a crystal.
The pattern formed by this orderly arrangement of the atoms is known as the space lattice. Most metals crystallize with one of the three following lattice structures:
Close-packed cubic: copper, nickel, lead, aluminium, cobalt, silver, gold, platinum. Body-centred   cubic:  iron, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium. Hexagonal close-packed: zink, cadmium, magnesium, beryllium, titanium. This union of atoms into a geometric array is the physical difference between liquid and solid metal.
The formation of metal crystals within a melt begins at each cooling surface of the liquid mass and extends from the exterior to the interior as heat is lost from the mass. Every change in the conditions of cooling, such as increasing or decreasing the rate at which heat is conducted away from the freezing mass, will have an influence on the size and shape of the crystals and, therefore, on the constitution and properties of the solidified mass.
Melting and Boiling Points. - The temperature at which a metal melts, is called the melting point, the metals of lower melting points are generally the soft metals and those of high melting the hard metals.
The boiling point of a substance depends on the surrounding-pressure. The term "boiling point" refers to the temperature at which the metal boils under normal atmospheric pressure.
 Electrical   Conductivity. - The electrical   conductivity of  a substance is the electrical conducting power of a unit length per  unit of cross-sectional  area.  The electrical resistance  of metals or alloys is increased by decreasing the size of the cry­stals and, therefore, increasing the number of crystal bound­aries. In general, all metals increase in resistivity with increase in impurities.  The resistivity of metals is also  increased  in most cases by an increase in temperature.
Heat Conductivity. - Heat conductivity is measured as the heatconducting ability of a unit length or thickness of a sub­stance per unit of cross-sectional area.
Magnetism. - Magnetism is measured as the magnetic for­ce exerted by a unit volume of a substance under standard ma­gnetizing force.  Iron, cobalt and  nickel are the only metals possessing considerable magnetism at room temperature, and they become non-magnetic when heated to a certain tempera­ture.  Strong permanent magnets have been made chiefly of one of several  compositions of steel,  but in  recent years  a number of magnet alloys of much greater magnetism, able to exert   forces  many times  their  own  weights,   have  been   de­veloped.
Density and Porosity. - Porosity, the quality of containing pores is lack of denseness. Density, on the other hand, denotes weight per unit of volume. The distinction will be manifest from the fact that some heavy metals, like grey cast ironware porous enough to leak under heavy hydraulic pressures, whe­reas some lightweight metals, like aluminium, are dense and compact.
Most metals expand on heating and contract on cooling.
Colour. - Most of the metals are silvery white or grey in colour. Copper is the only red metal, and gold the only yellow one, although a number of copper-base alloys are also yellow. All solid metals have metallic lustre, although the true colour and lustre of many metals are often obscured by a coating of oxide — which may be white, grey, red, brown, bluish, or black.


2. Learn words and word combinations. (вивчити)
NOTES AND  COMMENTARY
with    reference   to – по відношеню
the same meaning – таке ж значення
the manner or arrangement – - спосіб розташування
 as to – що стосується
to each other – один до одного
is   known, as   the   space   lattice  - відомий як просторова решітка
close-packed    cubic - кубічна з щільно упакованими атомами
body-centred cubic – кубічна об'ємно-центрована структура
hexagonal    close-packed – гексагональная з щільно упакованими атомами
union of atoms into a geometric array -- об'єднання атомів в геометричному порядку
within   a   melt -  - в розплавленому металі
as the heat is lost from the mass – в міру того, як маса втрачає тепло
every  change – кожна зміна
the rate at which heat is conducted away   from – швидкість, з якою тепло віддається
an   influence   on – вплив на
melting   point – точка плавління
depends on – залежить від
the metal boils under – метал закіпає при
the electrical conducting power of a unit length per unit of cross sectional area – електрична провідність
the number of crystal boundaries – число кордонів кристалів
in    most    cases – у більшості випадків
the   only - єдиний
 at room temperature – за кімнатною  температури
 when heated to a certain temperature – при нагрівані до певної температури
 able   to   exert   forces   many   times their   own   weights -  можуть мати підйомної силою в багато разів більшою свого власного ваги
is lack of – зд. позбавлена
on the other hand – з іншої сторони стороны
weight   per   unit   of   volume – вага  на одиницю об'ема
 like  grey  cast  iron – подібно сірому чугуну
under  heavy  hydraulic   pressure – під великим гідравлічним тиском
whereas –у той час, як
most metals expand on  heating – більшість  металів расширяются при нагріваніі
silvery  white or grey in colour – сріблясто-білого або сірого кольору
the only yellow one - єдиний жовтий метал
copper-base    alloys – сплави на мідній основі
the  true colour and  lustre – истинный цвет и блеск
by  a  coating  of  oxide – покриттям оксиду

3.Answer the questions.
1)    Name the main physical properties of metals and alloys.
2)    What does the boiling point of a substance depend on?
3)    When do most metals extend?
4)    What is the difference between liquid and solid metal?
5)    What metals possess considerable magnetism at room temperature?

4.Match the term with its definition.(письмово)

1) porosity
2) composition
3) melting point
4) boiling point
5) electrical conductivity
6) density
a) the temperature at which a metal melts
b) the electrical conducting power of a unit of cross sectional area
c) the quality of containing pores is lack of denseness
d) the temperature at which the metal boils under normal atmospheric pressure
e) the manner of arrangement of metal atoms as to geometric form in solid crystals
f) weight per unit of volume

5.     Find in the text sentences containing the following words and translate them into Ukrainian.( письмово)
1)    solid crystals
2)    composition
3)    surface
4)    cooling
5)    electrical resistance
6)    lightweight metals
7)    to leak
8)    resistivity
9)    the solidified mass
10)denseness
6.     Find 13 words on the topic in the crossword-puzzle and give their Ukrainian equivalents.
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
F
I
F
I
O
I
T
A
M
R
O
E
D
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S
C
O
N
D
U
F
R
I
L
O
G
V
I
T
C
I
E
E
Z
I
N
I
T
Y
A
M
P
U
R
I
T
I
L
I
B
M
U
L
O
V
Y
T
Y
P
R
E
L
L
A
G
I
E
W
S
E
A
O
Y
T
H
T
S
B
U
S
R
T
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C
N
A
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R
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S












Урок № 8 27.04.2020


                                                    Тема: Цинк      

1.Learn retelling of text. (усно)
Zinc
Zinc, a crystalline metal with moderate strength and ductility, is seldom used alone except as a coating. In addition to its metal and alloy forms, zinc also extends the life of other materials such as steel, rubber, plastics and wood. Zinc is also used to make brass, bronze, and die-casting alloys in plate, strip, and coil; superplastic zinc activators and stabilizers for plastics. 

2. Read and translate the following words and phrases into Ukrainian (письмово)
Heat treatment, main, hardening, tempering, annealing, critical range, rapidly cooling,  suitable medium, brine, liquid, drawing the temper, take place, uniform, carry out, heating, machine.
3. Match Ukrainian equivalents to English words. (письмово)
головний, рівномірний, нормалізація, проводити, загартовування, нагрівання, критичний рівень, швидке охолодження, термообробка, соляний розчин, відпустку гарту, відбуватися, підходяще середовище, отжиг, рідина, обробляти
4. Translate the following text into Ukrainian: (усно)
Heat treatment is a method by which the heat treater can change the physical properties of a metal. There are three main operations in the heat treatment of steel: hardening, tempering, and annealing.
The hardening operation consists of heating the steel above its critical range and then quenching it, that is rapidly cooling in a suitable medium such as water, brine, oil, or some other liquid. Having been hardened, the metal must be given a tempering treatment which consists of reheating the hardened steel to a temperature below the critical range, thus producing the required physical properties. Tempering is also called drawing the temper, because this operation gives a steel object the required temper. Temper is the hardness, toughness, and brittleness of the metal. Having been tempered, the steel becomes stronger because its grain gets finer. Hardened steel is too hard and too brittle for many tools.
The critical points or critical temperatures are the temperatures at which a certain change takes place in the physical condition of the steel. These points are very important because, in order to properly harden a piece of steel, it must be heated to a temperature above the upper critical point. Having known the critical points for certain steel, we can easily control the heat in the furnace. Gas, oil, and electric furnaces are the most commonly used for heat treating metals.
Annealing means making hardened steel softer and removing brittleness. Annealing is the uniform heating of a metal above usual hardening temperatures, followed by very slow cooling.
The slower the cooling, the softer the metal is when cold. Hardened steel is difficult to machine, but having been annealed, it can be easily machined. Annealing may be carried out either to soften a piece that is too hard to machine or to remachine a piece that has already been hardened. Annealing also relieves internal stresses produced by machining.
Low carbon steels do not become hard when subjected to such a heat treatment because of the small amount of carbon contained. If it is necessary to obtain a hard surface on a part made of such steel, surface hardening operations must be carried out.
5. Answer the questions to the text: (письмово)
1.  What is hardening?
2.  What is tempering?
3.  What is annealing?
4.  What can be used as a quenching medium for hardening steel?
5.  To what temperature should steel be heated for hardening?
6.  What treatment relieves the internal stresses produced by machining?
6. Fill in the blanks in the sentences according to the content of the text: (письмово)
1. Heat treatment is a method that changes ________________________.
2. The main operations of the heat treatment are ___________________.
3. The hardening operation consists of heating the steel above its critical range and ________.
4. Quenching is a rapidly cooling in __________________.
5. Tempering is reheating the hardened steel to a temperature________________.
6. Annealing is the uniform heating of a metal above _____________.

Урок №7 додатковий- 25.04.2020 (субота) 


Тема: Олово.
1.Read and translate the text (усно). Вчити переказ.

Tin
Tin is characterized by a low-melting point (450°F), fluidity when molten, readiness to form alloys with other metals, relative softness, and good formability. The metal is nontoxic, solderable, and has a high boiling point. The temperature range between melting and boiling points exceeds that for nearly all other metals which facilitates casting. Upon severe deformation, tin and tin-rich alloys soften. Principal uses for tin are as a constituent of solder and as a coating for steel. Tin is also used in bronze and pewter.
2. Take notes and learn the rules (зробити конспект та вивчити)




Future Simple (Future Indefinite) – майбутній простий час англійської мови. Зазвичай він використовується для позначення події, що може статися в неозначеному майбутньому або ж у дуже далекому майбутньому.
Future Simple утворюється за допомогою додавання допоміжних дієслів shall / will та першої форми дієслова. Правило у вигляді формули для утворення стверджувального (розповідного) речення:
Іменник + shall / will + дієслово
Як правило, shall вживається з 1 особою однини, проте це не є правилом. Will можна вживати з усіма займенниками (I, You, He / She, We, They, It). Також shall та will можуть зливатися з займенником і тоді від них залишається лише закінчення ll.Приклади:
I will play football. – Я буду грати у футбол.
I’ll do my work someday. – Я колись зроблю свою роботу.
Для утворення заперечного речення в Future Simple необхідно після shall / will ставити частку not. Формула утворення заперечного речення:
Іменник + shall / will + not + дієслово
При цьому shall not може зливатися в shan’t, а will not у won’t. Приклади використання заперечного речення:
I shall not let you down. – Я вас не підведу.
Tomorrow he won’t go to the school. – Завтра він не піде до школи.
Питальне речення Future Simple утворюється в наступний спосіб:
Shall / Will + іменник + дієслово
Приклади використання питального речення:
Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow? – Завтра ми підемо до кінотеатру?
Will you go with us? – Чи підеш ти з нами?
Слова-покажчики Future Simple
Як і в Past Simple та в Present Simple, у майбутнього часу є свої допоміжні слова, що допомагають визначити, чи використовується Future Simple чи ні. Існує 4 найуживаніших слів-маркерів та словосполучень:
Слово
Переклад
tomorrow
завтра
next year
в наступному році
in (five, four, ten і т.д.) days/months
через (п’ять, чотири, десять і т.д.) днів/
місяців
in (2020, 2015 і т.д.) year
у (2020, 2015 і т.д.) році
Випадки, в яких вживається Future Simple
Нижче наведені випадки вживання Future Simple допоможуть вам зорієнтуватися в розмові при виборі часу, в якому ви хочете висловити свою думку.
I варіант використання: обіцянка щось зробити
Future Simple часто використовується у випадку, коли людина щось обіцяє робити в майбутньому:
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. – Я обіцяю, що не розкажу йому про несподівану вечірку.
Don’t worry, I’ll be careful. – Не хвилюйся, я буду обережним.
I will call you when I arrive. – Я передзвоню тобі, коли приїду.
II варіант використання: передбачення майбутніх подій
Future Simple може використовуватися при намаганні щось передбачити в майбутньому. В даному випадку також може використовуватися фраза to be going to. Приклади:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. – Рік 2222 буде дуже цікавим роком.
John Smith will be the next President. – Джон Сміт буде наступним Президентом.
The movie “Zenith” will win several Academy Awards. – Фільм “Зеніт” виграє декілька нагород Кіноакадемії.
III варіант використання: миттєва реакція на щось
В даному випадку Future Simple застосовується для відповіді на якесь прохання або ж реакції на якусь дію, що відбулася. Приклади:
Will you help me to move this heavy table? – Чи ти допоможеш мені пересунути цей важкий стіл?
A: I’m really hungry. – Я справді голодний.
B: I’ll make some sandwiches. – Я зроблю декілька сандвічів.
I won’t do all the housework myself! – Я не буду робити всю роботу по дому одна!
IV варіант використання: перерахування послідовних дій чи повторювані дії
Ще одним випадком вживання Future Simple є перерахування послідовних та повторюваних дій, що будуть відбуватися в майбутньому. Наприклад:
I  cannot wait for my vacation. I shall go to the river, swim and fish every day. – Не можу дочекатися канікул. Я буду ходити до річки, плавати та ловити рибу кожен день.
3.TEST (виконати письмово, в відповідях лише літери)
1.I usually _____ at 7 o'0clock.
а)gets up
б)get up
в)got up

2.She never _______ coffee in the morning.
а)drink
б)drinks
в)drunk

3.He ______ to the market the day before.
а)go
б)goes
в)went

4.They _____ in the garden yesterday.
а)work
б)works
в)worked

5.Які допоміжні слова використовуємо у теперішньому часі?
а)never, ever, often, yesterday
б)the day before, last week, tomorrow
в)never, ever, often, usually

6.Які допоміжні слова для минулого часу?
а)never, ever, often
б)last year, last week, yesterday
в)tomorrow, at the moment, already

7.Знайдіть у поданому тексті всі дієслова минулого часу.

What did I do yesterday? Well yesterday was Thanksgiving and I had the good fortune of being invited to the house of a friend where a wonderful Thanksgiving dinner was prepared. So I was able to eat delicious food and good company and I had some good conversations all and all it was a very, very, very pleasant day. Though I did eat too much.

а) had, was, prepared, did
б)was, being, eat
в)do, did, was, had

8.Оберіть рядок, у якому часові форми irregular verbs вказано правильно.
а)do-did, work-worked
б)do-did, go-went
в)like-lifed, read-read


Урок №6 додатковий- 25.04.2020 (субота) 

Тема: Вогнетривкі метали.

1.Read and translate the text (усно).
Refractory Metals

Refractory metals are characterized by their extremely high melting points, which range well above those of iron, cobalt, and nickel. They are used in demanding applications requiring high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance. The most extensively used of these metals are tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, and columbium (niobium).
 The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering, is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools for its study.
Materials science is a syncretic discipline hybridizing metallurgy, ceramics, solid-state physics, and chemistry. It is the first example of a new academic discipline emerging by fusion rather than fission.[3]
Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limits of available materials and how they are used. Thus, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly.
Materials scientists emphasize understanding how the history of a material (its processing) influences its structure, and thus the material's properties and performance. The understanding of processing-structure-properties relationships is called the § materials paradigm. This paradigm is used to advance understanding in a variety of research areas, including nanotechnology, biomaterials, and metallurgy. Materials science is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis – investigating materials, products, structures or components which fail or do not function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. Such investigations are key to understanding, for example, the causes of various aviation accidents and incidents.

2. Сheck yourself:(письмово)
1.Past Simple -це:
а) простий минулий час
b) простий теперешній час
с) простий майбутній час

2.У Past Simple такі слова - маркери:
а) tomorrow, next
b) yesterday, last
c) always, usually

3.Дієслово в Past Simple має:
а) 1 форму дієслова
b) 2 форму дієслова
c) 3 форму дієслова

4.Яке допоміжнє дієслово в Pаst Simple:
a) did
b) will
c) do

5.Яке з трьох запропонованних речень має заперечну форму Past Simple ?
а) I won`t tell him
b) I don`t tell him
c) I didn`t tell him

6.За допомогою чого можна утворити 2 форму дієслова в Past Simple?
a) за допомогою закінчення ed
b) за допомогою частки not
c) за допомогою таблиці неправельних дієслів

Урок №5 за 13.04.2020
ТЕМА: Індустрія срібла та платини.

1.     Read and translate the text. (письмово)
Silverware  and Plate Industry
     While reading the text we shall return to Sheffield - the biggest centre of British metallurgy.
     The story of silverware and the story of the highly-prized Old Sheffield plate are inextricably linked. Two hundred and fifty years ago cutlery manufacture was the only important industry in Sheffield and knife handles were the only objects made in silver.
     As a result of mid-eighteenth century pioneering work by Thomas Boulsover, a Sheffield cutler, and Joseph Hancock who developed a method of plating a copper ingot with silver by fusion, a new industry came into being.
     The plated ingot was rolled as if it were one metal, and by the 1760’s several firms were engaged in the manufacture of Old Sheffield Plate tableware. Early examples are now coveted collectors items.
     Sheffield manufacturers found a ready market: a growing middle class who turned to the cheaper, beautiful articles which resembled silver and were almost as durable.
     Machinery invented for the mass production of Sheffield Plate turned out to be suitable for the economical production of silver tableware and from this a sterling silver industry sprang up.
     In 1773 an Act of Parliament granted the town its own Assay Office: the Sheffield mark - a crown. After 1904 the Office was also authorised to assay gold on which its mark is the York rose. The present Assay Office is in Portobello Street.
     The silverware trade is now the largest industry carried on in Sheffield with non-ferrous netals; the emphasis is on specialist, high grade workmanship and two well-known pieces regularly made here are the Grand National trophy and Lonsdale Belts awarded to the winners of British boxing title fights.
2. Open the brackets using verbs in Past Simple. (усно)
1. Alice (to have) a sister.
2. Her sister’s name (to be) Ann.
3. Ann (to be) a student.
4. She (to get) up at seven o'clock. 
5. She (to go) to the institute in the morning. 
6. Jane (to be) fond of sports. 
7. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 
8. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 
9. After breakfast she (to go) to the institute. 
10. Sometimes she (to take) a bus.
11. It (to take) her an hour and a half to do her homework. 
12. She (to speak) English well.
13. Her friends usually (to call) her at about 8 o’clock.
14. Ann (to take) a shower before going to bed.
15. She (to go) to bed at 11 p. m.
3. Open the brackets using verbs in Past Simple.(письмово)
1. My working day (to begin) at six o'clock. 
2. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the TV and (to brush) my teeth. 
3. It (to take) me about twenty minutes.
4. I (to have) breakfast at seven o’clock. 
5. I (to leave) home at half past seven.
6. I (to take) a bus to the institute. 
7. It usually (to take) me about fifteen minutes to get there.
8. Classes (to begin) at eight. 
9. We usually (to have) four classes a day.
10. I (to have) lunch at about 2 o’clock. 

4. Insert the verb “to be” in the required form Past Simple. (письмово)
1. I ... a student.
2. My father ... not a shop-assistant, he ... a scientist.
3. ... your aunt a nurse? - Yes, she ... .
4. ... they at home? - No, they ... not. They ... at school.
5. ... you an engineer? - Yes, I....
6. ... your friend a photographer? No, she ... not a photographer, she ... a student.
7. ... your brothers at school? - Yes, they ... .
8. ... this her watch? - Yes, it ... .
9. Max ... an office-worker.
10. We ... late, sorry!


Урок №4 за 06.04.2020

ТЕМА: Дорогоцінні метали. The Past Simple Tense
NON-FERROUS METALS

1.Read and translate the text. (письмово)
 Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron. There are two groups of metals; ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron, for example carbon steel, stainless steel (both alloys; mixtures of metals) and wrought iron. 
        Non-ferrous metals don't contain iron, for example aluminium, brass, copper (which can be remembered as ABC) and titanium. You can also get non-ferrous metals as alloys e.g., brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Non-ferrous metals are specified for structural applications requiring reduced weight, higher strength, nonmagnetic properties, higher melting points, or resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion. They are also specified for electrical and electronic applications.

2. Grammar rules (прочитайте та вивчіть)
Past Simple (Past Indefinite) – простий неозначений час в англійській мові, що найчастіше використовується для позначення дії котра відбувалася в минулому і вже є завершеною. Ниже наведена формула та правила утворення Past Simple та слова-показники, наведені приклади його використання у розповідних, заперечних та питальних реченнях та наведені ситуації за яких вживається простий неозначений час в англійській мові.
Утворення Past Simple
У стверджувальному реченні Past Simple утворюється за допомогою додавання до дієслів закінчення -ed або ж використання їхньої другої форми (що також зветься Past Simple), якщо дієслово є неправильним. Для знаходження другої форми дієслова користуйтеся таблицею неправильних дієслів, що є на нашому сайті.
Стверджувальне (розповідне) речення з використанням Past Simple:
I played football yesterday. – Я грав у футбол вчора (дія завершена ще вчора).

I thought about that. – Я думав про це (дія завершена).
Заперечне речення утворюється за допомогою дієслова did (2 форма дієслова do) та додавання після нього частки not. При цьому did та not можна злити в одне слово didn’t.Формула:
Іменник + did + not + дієслово
Приклад заперечного речення:
I did not play with my dog yesterday. – Я не грав зі своєю собакою учора.
I didn’t smoke five years ago. – Я не курив п’ять років тому назад.
Для створення питального речення у Past Simple необхідно користуватися наступною формулою:
Did + іменник + дієслово
Приклад питального речення:
Did you play football yesterday? – Ти грав у футбол вчора?
Did you go to the cinema five days ago? – Ти ходив у кінотеатр п’ять днів тому?
 Слова-покажчики Past Simple
З Past Simple часто вживаються допоміжні слова, що дозволяють легше відрізняти простий неозначений час. Є такі слова-покажчики:
Слово
Переклад
yesterday
вчора
the day before yesterday
позавчора
(three days, five days, five years…) ago
три дні тому, п’ять днів тому, п’ять років тому і т.д.
last (week, month, year, weekend…)
на минулому тижні, у минулому місяці, у минулому році і т.д.
in (1999, 2010, June, April…)
у 1999, у 2010, у червні, у квітні і т.д.
when…
коли….
Випадки, в яких вживається Past Simple
I варіант використання: завершена дія у минулому
Completed Action in the Past
Past Simple в даному випадку використовується, аби підкреслити, що дія відбувалася в минулому і завершилася в минулому. При цьому часто використовуються слова-маркери.
Приклади:
I saw a movie yesterday. – Я бачив фільм учора.
I didn’t see a play yesterday. – Я не бачив виставу учора.
Last year, I traveled to Japan. – В минулому році я подорожував до Японії.
II варіант використання: серія завершених дій
A Series of Completed Actions
Past Simple використовується для позначення дій у минулому, що йшли одна за одною. Приклади:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. – Я закінчив роботу, пройшовся до пляжу та знайшов гарне місце щоб поплавати.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. – Він прибув з аеропорту у 8:00, зареєструвався в готелі у 9:00 та зустрів інших о 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? – Чи додав ти муки, відсипав її у молоко та потім додав яєць?
III варіант використання: дія, що продовжувалася в минулому деякий час
Duration in Past
Ще одним випадком, коли використовується простий неозначений минулий час, може бути бажання підкреслити, що дія відбувалася в минулому деякий час. Зазвичай в таких випадках використовуються вислови for two years, for two months, all day, all year та інші.
Приклади:
I lived in Brazil for two years. - Я жив у Бразилії протягом двох років.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years. - Шона вчила японську протягом п’яти років.
They sat at the beach all day. – Вони сиділи на пляжі увесь день.
IV варіант використання: звички в минулому
Habits in the Past
Past Simple може використовуватися у випадку, коли ви хочете показати, що у вас була якась звичка в минулому, якої ви вже позбулися. В цьому випадку Past Simple замінює вислів used to. Також є частим використання слова when. Приклади:
I studied French when I was a child. – Я вчив французьку, коли був дитиною.
He didn’t play the piano. – Він не грав на піаніно.
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? – Чи ти грав на музичних інструментах, коли був дитиною?
V варіант використання: факти, що були актуальні в минулому або узагальнення
Past Facts or Generalizations
В даному випадку Past Simple використовується для опису фактів в минулому або ж узагальнення. Як і у випадку з 4 варіантом використання, значення дуже наближене до значення речень, в яких зустрічається used to.
Приклади:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. – Вона була скромною у дитинстві, але зараз вона дуже товариська.
He didn’t like tomatoes before.  - Раніше йому не подобалися помідори.
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. – В минулому люди платили набагато більше аби дзвонити з мобільних телефонів.

1.     Enter the correct form of the verb in the spaces:
Впишіть правильну форму дієслова у пропуски:
1.     Last month I (go)  to Scotland on holiday.
2.     It (be)  awesome movie!
3.     I (visit)  lots of museums. I (be)  with friend of mine .
4.     In the evening we (meet)  him.
5.     In the morning I (get)  up early.
6.     The weather (be)  fine yesterday.
7.     It (be not)  cheap.
8.     We (see)  some beautiful rainbows.
9.     Where (spend / she)  her last holiday?
2. Write the past verb form. Напишіть минулу форму дієслова:
Past Simple
take
 .
drive
 .
say
 .
put
 .
write
 .
sing
 .
be
 .
sit
 .
stand
 .
speak
 .
3. Select. Оберіть “was” чи “were”:
1.     The teacher was/were nice.
2.     The pupils was/were very clever.
3.     But one pupil was/were in trouble.
4.     Teacher was/were sorry for him.
5.     He was/were nice though.



Урок №3 за 30.03.2020

ТЕМА: Дорогоцінні метали
NONFERROUS METALS.
1. Read and translate. (усно)
Such nonferrous metals as copper, aluminum, magnesium, lead, zinc, and tin are widely used in industry, though they are much more expensive than ferrous metals. These metals find many applications because of some characteristic properties they possess. But still scientists and engineers always try to replace the nonferrous metals with some ferrous alloys or other materials having lower cost and possessing the same properties.
Some of the nonferrous metals possess a high electric conductivity. Silver is the best conductor of the electric current, the conductivity of copper and aluminum is a little lower than that of silver, but they are used for electric equipment such as wire, cables, etc., while silver cannot find application in these cases because of its very high cost.
High resistance to corrosion is another useful property of many nonferrous metals. Some of them, such as gold and platinum, do not corrode at all because they cannot combine with the oxygen in the air. Copper and tin also have a low ability of combining with oxygen, which is the cause of their high resistance to corrosion. But aluminum and zinc can easily combine with the oxygen of the air, yet we know that they are highly resistant to corrosion. How can it be? The fact is that these metals form a protective coating which prevents the oxidation of the surface of the metal. This coating, which is a thin film of metal oxide on the surface, is formed immediately when the metal comes in contact with the air, thus protecting it from corrosion.
In many cases it is very important to have a light weight metal as, for example, in building airplanes. Aluminum and magnesium are such metals. Pure aluminum has little use in industry because it is too soft for most applications, but it is widely used as a base for alloys possessing good mechanical properties and very light weight. Magnesium is very light, too, but it has almost no resistance to corrosion and therefore it may be used only in the form of magnesium alloys.
Some applications require very ductile metals, that is, metals that can be easily hammered in different shapes. Some nonferrous metals, such as lead and tin, possess very high ductility; tin may be rolled into very thin sheets, thinner than paper, this sheet tin is called tin foil.
2. Read and translate below words and phrases. (письмово)
Nonferrous metals, magnesium, though, application, characteristic properties, possess, replace, cost, conductivity, silver, electric current, equipment, cables, ability, oxygen, resistance, prevent, oxidation, film, immediately, require, tin, foil, brass.
3. Translate the following phrases into Ukrainian:(письмово)
-         materials having lower cost
-         possess a high electric conductivity
-         be used for electric equipment
-         combine with the oxygen
-         a low ability of combining with oxygen
-         high resistance to corrosion
-         form a protective coating
-         prevent the oxidation of the surface of the metal
-         require very ductile metals
4. Answer the questions to the text and write a short retelling of the text:(письмово)
1.  Why do nonferrous metals find many applications?
2.  What metals are the best conductors of electricity?
3.  What is one of the most useful properties of many nonferrous metals?
4.  How can aluminum and zinc resist to corrosion?
5.  Which of the nonferrous metals do not rust at all?
6.  Why is magnesium used only in the form of magnesium alloys?
5. Fill in the blanks in the sentences according to the content of the text:(письмово)
1. Engineers always try to replace the nonferrous metals with----------.
2. Silver is---------.
3. Copper and tin have a low ability of combining with-----------.
4. A protective coating prevents--------------.
5. Ductile metals can be easily hammered in-------.
6. Tin may be rolled into------.
6. Put the verbs given  in the correct form.(письмово)
1. Nonferrous metals (to find) many applications.
2. Gold (not to combine) with oxygen in the air.
3. Copper (to have) a low ability of combining with oxygen.
4. Aluminum (to combine) easily with the oxygen of the air.
5. Magnesium (not to resist) to corrosion.
6. Pure aluminum (to be) too soft for many applications.



урок №1 (за 16.03.20 ) та урок №2(за 23.03.20)



ТЕМА: Алюміній. (урок №1)
1.     Read and translate the text (усно)
ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
 Aluminium is the most abundant element in nature: about 7.45 per cent of the earth's crust consists of aluminium.
Aluminium is extracted from rock with a high alumina content. The most important sources are bauxite, kaolin, nepheline and alunile.
Bauxite is the principal source of aluminium. The less silica in a bauxite the higher its quality as an aluminium ore. Kaolin clays are very abundant in nature but the extraction of aluminium from these ores presents diffi­culties due to the considerable amount of silica present.
The most important properties of aluminium are its low specific gravity (2.7), high electrical and thermal conductivities, high ductility, and corrosion resistance in various media.
Pure aluminium has only few applications; it is used for the manufacture of electrical wire, chemical apparatus, household utensils and for coating other metals.
Aluminium alloys are more widely used in industry. Wrought aluminium alloys have a high mechanical strength which in some cases approaches the strength of steel. Wrought aluminium alloys are further classified as non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable alloys. .Wrought aluminium alloys also include complex alloys of aluminium with copper, nickel, iron, silicon and other alloying elements. Complex wrought aluminium alloys of the duralumin (dural) type and certain others have found most extensive application in many industries.
Several grades of duralumin are available in the Russia. They are identified by the Russian letter Д fol­lowed by a figure indicating the number of the alloy in the series. Duralumin, grade Д-1 can be obtained in the form of sheets, bar stock and tubing; grades Д-6 and Д-16 аre usually produced in the form of bars, and grade Д-ЗП is made as wire for rivets.
2.Answer the following questions:(письмово)
1.     What elements are the most abundant in nature?
2.           What   are   the   most   important   sources   of   alu­minium?
3.           What are the most important  properties  of alu­minium?
4.      Is pure aluminium widely used?
5.     Do  wrought aluminium  alloys  have a high  me­chanical strength?
6.           How are wrought aluminium  alloys  further classified?
7.      What complex alloys do wrought aluminium alloys also include?
8.     What aluminium alloys have found most extensiveapplication in many industries?
9.             How are various grades of duralumin identified?

3.Choose the correct variant of the verb (граматичне завдання письмово)

1.The Earth ……. Round the Sun.
a) will go                       b) goes                 c) has gone
2.The film was not very good. I……. it very much.
а) didn’t/t enjoy              b) doesn’t/t enjoy c) shan’t enjoy
3.I am too tired to walk home. I think I….a taxi.
а) got                             b) gets                  c) will get
4.Ann is English. She …. Ukrainian.
а) don’t speak                b) isn’t speaking   c) doesn’t speaking/
5.The window was open and a bird….. into the room.
             а)flown                       b) will fly             c) flew
6.I don’t want to go out alone… . you … with me ?
               а) will.. come             b) do …come        c)did…come.

4. You have an answer. What was the question?
I phoned granny an hour ago.
When_____________________________________________________________?
Alcohol causes road accidents.
What_____________________________________________________________?
Healthy life-style will make you strong.
Whom____________________________________________________________?
Ukrainian scientists contributed to the development of space exploration.
What___________________________________________________________    ?
When I come to a big city I always go sightseeing.
When_____________________________________________________________?
People will fly to other galaxies in the 22-nd century.
Where____________________________________________________________?



COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS (урок №2)


1.     Read and translate the text. Прочитати та перекласти текст.

Copper is a valuable metal. Its wide application in many fields of engineering is due to its exceptionally high electrical and thermal conductivity, low oxidisability, good ductility and to the fact that it is the basis of the important industrial alloys, brass and bronze.
The raw materials for the production of copper are sulphide or oxide copper ores. Most of the copper is smelted from sulphide ores (about 80 per cent) while oxide ores account for only 15 to 20 per cent. Sulphide ores are more wide-spread in nature due to the higher affinity of copper for sulphur than for oxygen.
  The most abundant copper sulphide ore is copper pyrite containing the mineral chalcopyrite (Cu2Fe2S4). In some cases, the so-called copper glance is used; it contains the mineral chalcocite (Cu2S). All copper ores are very lean as they contain only from 1 to 5% Cu. Therefore, before smelting they must be concentrated by flotation. Flotation converts lean copper sulphide ores into a con­centrate containing from 15 to 20% Cu.
Before smelting, the copper concentrate and rich copper sulphide ores are subjected to an oxidising roasting process at 600—900° C thereby part of the sulphur is removed in the form of a gas. This gas is trapped and utilised in the production of sulphuric acid.
Various grades of copper are used for engineering purposes. It must be noted that even a minute amount of impurities sharply alters the properties of pure copper.
The mechanical strength of pure copper is not high and depends upon the degree of deformation (reduction in working). Pure copper is used chiefly for electrical engi­neering products such as cables, busbars and wire.
The copper alloys are more widely employed. The alloying of copper with other elements increases the strength of the metal in some cases and improves the anticorrosive and antifriction properties in others. Copper alloys comprise two main groups — brasses and bronzes. Alloys of copper and zinc are called brasses. The addition of appreciable amount of tin, nickel, manganese, alumin­ium and other elements to copper-zinc alloys imparts higher hardness, strength and other desirable qualities. Complex copper-zinc alloys comprising three, four or more components are special brasses.
In Russia brasses are identified by means of the Russian letter Л (the first of the Russian word for brass) followed by letters designating the chief elements and numbers which indicate percentage content of these elements. Thus, grade ЛT 96 is the brass tombac (T) containing 96% Cu and Zn. The designation of gradе ЛЖМЦ-59-l-l indicates that the brass contains 59% Cu, 1 % Fe, 1 % Mn, the remainder is Zn.
Alloys of copper with a number of elements including tin, aluminium, silicon, manganese, iron and beryllium are called bronzes. Tin bronzes are divided into two groups: wrought bronzes, containing up to 6% Sn, and casting bronzes, containing over 6% Sn. Special bronzd are copper-base alloys in which the principal admixtures are Al, Ni, Mn, Si, Fe, Be and others. Special bronzes are fully equivalent substitutes for the more expensive tin bronzes and, therefore, have great economical value. These bronzes are designated on the same principle as brasses. The designation begins with the Russian letters Бp (the first two letters of the Russian for bronze) which are followed by letters indicating the main elements and numbers showing the average percentage of these elements.
Certain   grades   of   special   bronzes    deserve   more detailed consideration. Aluminium bronzes contain from 4 to 11% Al; their high mechanical  properties  and corrosion   resistance   considerably   surpass   those   of   tin bronzes    and   brasses.    The   castability    of   aluminium bronzes is good and the are frequently used in foundry practice. Sheets, strips, bars and wire are made of grades БpA5  and   БpA4  by  the   rolling   process.   Aluminiur bronzes with admixtures of iron and manganese, grades БpAЖ9-4,     БpAЖMЦ10-3-1.5 and БpAMЦ9-2, are suitable for castings and for working, especially for smith and closed-die forging.

2.Answer the following questions. Дати відповіді на запитання. (письмово)
1. What are the raw materials for the  production   of copper?
2.        Why must all copper ores be concentrated by flotation?
3.  Whаt purpose is pure copper chiefly used for?
4.  What properties does the alloying of copper with other elements increase?
5.  What main groups do copper alloys comprise?
6.  What alloys of copper are called bronzes?
7.   Into what groups are bronzes divided?
8.   Why are aluminium bronzes frequently used  in foundry practice?

3.             Grammar rules. Граматичні правила. (прочитай та запам’ятай)
Present Simple (Present Indefinite) – теперішній простий час англійської мови. Найпростіший час з усіх, вживається регулярно для позначення дій, що відбуваються у теперішньому часі в найширшому сенсі цього слова.

Утворення Present Simple
У розмовному реченні Present Simple утворюється за допомогою додавання до іменника (суб’єкта дії) дієслова у першій його формі без частки to. При цьому варто мати на увазі, що при утворенні Present Simple з займенниками 3 особи однини he, she, it  до дієслова потрібно додавати закінчення -s. Наприклад:
I play football. – Я граю в футбол.
He/She plays football. – Він/Вона грають у футбол.
It makes me stronger. – Це робить мене сильнішим.
Якщо дієслово закінчується на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, тоді замість закінчення -s додається -es:
He wishes me luck. – Він бажає, щоб мені поталанило.
Якщо дієслово має закінчення на -у, то ця літера заміняється на -i, до закінчення також додається -es:
He tries to work harder. – Він старається працювати наполегливіше.
Заперечне речення Present Simple утворюється за такою формулою:
Іменник + do/does + not + дієслово
Допоміжне дієслово does використовується лише з займенниками третьої особи однини. В інших випадках потрібно вживати do. Слова do/does та not можна скорочувати та зливати в одне don’t/doesn’t.
Приклади заперечних речень:
I do not play guitar. – Я не граю на гітарі.
He does not go to the university. – Він не ходить до університету.
It doesn’t make sense.
У питальних реченнях також використовуються допоміжні слова do/does. Формула утворення питального речення Present Simple схожа на утворення запереченого речення, лише з тією різницею що тут немає частки not, а допоміжне дієслово потрібно ставити на початку речення:
Do/Does + іменник + дієслово
Приклади питальних речень:
Do you go to the school? – Ти ходиш до школи?
Does she swim? – Чи вона плаває?
Does it make you stronger? – Чи робить це тебе сильнішим?
Слова-покажчики Present Simple
З Present Simple використовується декілька слів-покажчиків, що відразу вказують на те, який час вживається у реченні. Існує декілька таких допоміжних слів:
Слово
Переклад
usually
зазвичай
always
завжди
never (також використовується у Present Perfect)
ніколи
often
часто
sometimes
іноді
seldom
зрідка
generally
взагалі
Випадки, в яких вживається Present Simple
Всі ці випадки використання з правилами та прикладами наведені нижче.
I варіант використання: повторювані дії
Repeated Actions
В даному випадку Present Simple використовується для позначення дії що має постійний характер або ж повторюється. Це може бути звичка, дія, що відбувається кожен день, або щось, що трапляється надто часто. В таких випадках часто вживаються допоміжні слова як-то usually, often, always. Приклади:
I play tennis. – Я граю в теніс.
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. – Поїзд відходить кожного ранку о восьмій годині.
When does the train usually leave? – Коли зазвичай відходить поїзд?
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. – Кожні 12 місяців Земля робить коло навколо Сонця.
II варіант використання: загальновідомі факти або узагальнення
Facts or Generalizations
Present Simple може використовуватися для того, аби означити який факт, що має місце зараз. При цьому, не має значення, чи є правдивою інформація. Крім того, вживаючи Present Simple роблять узагальнення щодо людей або якихось речей.
Приклади:
Cats like milk. – Коти люблять молоко.
California is not in the United Kingdom. – Каліфорнія не знаходиться у Великій Британії.
Windows are made of glass. – Вікна зроблені зі скла. (Present Simple Passive)
New York is a small city. – Нью-Йорк – невеличке містечко (Як бачимо, це не відповідає дійсності. Але для людини, що говорить це, це може бути правдою або ж вона в такий спосіб насміхається над розміром міста).
IIІ варіант використання: запланована подія в найближчому майбутньому
Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Present Simple використовується також для позначення запланованих подій, що мають відбутися у найближчому майбутньому. Найбільше він використовується у такий спосіб в розмовах про розклад громадського транспорту.
Приклади:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. – Потяг відходить сьогодні о 6 годині вечора.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. – Автобус не прибуває об 11 годині ранку, він буде в 11 годин вечора.
When do we board the plane? – Коли ми сядемо на літак?
The party starts at 8 o’clock. – Вечірка розпочинається о 8 годині.
IV варіант використання: опис дії, що відбувається зараз
Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
В даному випадку Present Simple може використовуватися для позначення дії що відбувається або не відбувається прямо зараз. отримання більш детальної інформації. Приклади:
I am here now. – Я тут.
She is not here now. – Вона зараз не тут.
He needs help right now. – Він потребує допомоги саме зараз.
Do you have your passport with you? – Ви маєте свій паспорт з собою?

4. Choose the correct verb form from the one below and place it in the sentence. Виберіть правильну форму дієслова з поданих нижче та підставте його у речення:
 do(es) - cause(s) –  close(s) - open(s) – wake(s) up - speak(s) – take(s) – live(s) – play(s) – drink(s)
1.     Mike  football very well.
2.     I never  coffee.
3.     The gym  at 8:00 in the morning.
4.     It  at 10:00 P.M.
5.     Bad driving can  many accidents.
6.     My grandparents  in a small flat.
7.     The Olympic Games  place every four years.
8.     They are good pupils. They always  their homework.
9.     Her students  a little French.
10. I always  early in the morning.
2. Поставте дієслова в дужках в правильну форму:
1.     Mila (not/drink)  tea very often.
2.     What time (the banks/close)  in USA?
3.     Where (Amanda/come)  from?
4.     It (take)  me an hour and a half to get to work.
5.     Jim (not/wake)  up early on Saturdays.

5.Put the verbs in the sentence. In some cases, you will need to make a negative form in the sentence. Підставте дієслова у речення. В деяких випадках, вам потрібно буде зробити заперечну форму у реченні:

eat - rise - write – turn – tell
1.     The earth  around the Moon.
2.     The sun  in the west.
3.     Vegetarians  fruits.
4.     A liar is someone who  the truth.
5.     A novelist  novels.